{"id":1556,"date":"2019-03-17T12:27:02","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T11:27:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.incaudavenenum.org\/cut.the.crap\/?p=1556"},"modified":"2019-03-17T12:27:10","modified_gmt":"2019-03-17T11:27:10","slug":"opting-out","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.incaudavenenum.org\/cut.the.crap\/opting-out\/","title":{"rendered":"Opting out"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00ab\u00a0L\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne n\u2019est pas un super-\u00c9tat dont la volont\u00e9, inexorable, s\u2019imposerait aux \u00c9tats membres. Elle n\u2019est pas non plus un \u00c9tat f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, d\u00e9tenteur d\u2019une souverainet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, elle est une organisation internationale : son existence est fond\u00e9e sur des trait\u00e9s, au m\u00eame titre que l\u2019Organisation du trait\u00e9 de l\u2019Atlantique nord (OTAN), par exemple. De fait, ses membres conservent leur souverainet\u00e9 ; ils n\u2019ob\u00e9issent \u00e0 ses r\u00e8gles que parce qu\u2019ils y ont consenti en adoptant ses trait\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9sob\u00e9ir est l\u00e9gal<\/strong>. Cela s\u2019appelle une option de retrait<\/a>. Par ce m\u00e9canisme, un \u00c9tat peut d\u00e9cider souverainement qu\u2019il se soustrait \u00e0 une partie des r\u00e8gles de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne. Il peut n\u00e9gocier une option d\u2019embl\u00e9e \u2014 ainsi, lorsque les accords de Schengen devinrent partie int\u00e9grante des r\u00e8gles de l\u2019Union \u00e0 la suite du trait\u00e9 d\u2019Amsterdam, le Royaume-Uni et l\u2019Irlande obtinrent de ne pas les appliquer. Il peut aussi la n\u00e9gocier apr\u00e8s coup\u00a0: le Royaume-Uni avait par exemple obtenu de ne pas \u00eatre justiciable de la charte sociale europ\u00e9enne en 1989 (il l\u2019acceptera quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard). Cette option de retrait peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre d\u00e9cid\u00e9e par un \u00c9tat membre sans n\u00e9gociation. En\u00a02003, la Su\u00e8de organisa un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum national sur l\u2019euro\u00a0; le \u00ab\u00a0non\u00a0\u00bb ayant r\u00e9colt\u00e9 56\u00a0% des voix, elle annon\u00e7a \u00e0 la Commission europ\u00e9enne qu\u2019elle n\u2019adopterait pas cette monnaie, ce qui constitue une option de retrait sans n\u00e9gociation. La riposte de la Commission fut foudroyante\u00a0: elle en prit acte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Une autre forme \u2014 plus brutale \u2014 de d\u00e9sob\u00e9issance consiste \u00e0 ne pas respecter une r\u00e8gle de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne et \u00e0 compter sur son propre statut de grande puissance pour \u00e9chapper \u00e0 toute sanction. C\u2019est ce que fait l\u2019Allemagne, qui, \u00e0 force de dumping fiscal et social, a affich\u00e9 un exc\u00e9dent courant trop important \u2014\u00a07,7\u00a0% du produit int\u00e9rieur brut (PIB) en\u00a02014 au lieu des 6\u00a0% autoris\u00e9s\u00a0; elle devrait logiquement \u00eatre sanctionn\u00e9e au titre du r\u00e8glement europ\u00e9en no\u00a01176\/2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En outre, on pourrait concevoir l’\u00e9laboration d’un autre trait\u00e9. Apr\u00e8s celui de Maastricht, en 1992, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conclus ceux d’Amsterdam (1997), de Nice (2001) et de Lisbonne (2007), ainsi que le pacte budg\u00e9taire (2012). Autrement dit, l’adoption d’un nouveau trait\u00e9, pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e impossible, au eu lieu tous les cinq ans, en moyenne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un nouvelle forme de construction europ\u00e9enne peut parfaitement na\u00eetre \u00e0 tout moment, car l’Union europ\u00e9enne n’a jamais eu le monopole de l’Europe. Plusieurs organisations se superposent et se juxtaposent, sans co\u00efncidence exacte de leurs p\u00e9rim\u00e8tres. Outre l’Union, on peut citer la Banque europ\u00e9enne pour la reconstruction et le d\u00e9veloppement (BERD) ou l’Organisation pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la coop\u00e9ration en Europe (OSCE). Plusieurs organisations peuvent m\u00eame coexister, comme c’est d\u00e9j\u00e0 le cas avec l’Union europ\u00e9enne et le Conseil de l’Europe.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thomas Gu\u00e9nol\u00e9, \u00ab\u00a0Face \u00e0 Bruxelles, le pari de l’Insoumission\u00a0\u00bb,
Le Monde diplomatique<\/a><\/em>, mars 2019<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00ab\u00a0L\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne n\u2019est pas un super-\u00c9tat dont la volont\u00e9, inexorable, s\u2019imposerait aux \u00c9tats membres. Elle n\u2019est pas non plus un \u00c9tat f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, d\u00e9tenteur d\u2019une souverainet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, elle est une organisation internationale : son existence est fond\u00e9e sur des trait\u00e9s, au m\u00eame titre que l\u2019Organisation du trait\u00e9 de l\u2019Atlantique nord (OTAN), par exemple. De fait, ses … Continuer la lecture de « Opting out »<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"quote","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[361,4],"tags":[528,405,118,189,389,527],"class_list":["post-1556","post","type-post","status-publish","format-quote","hentry","category-citations","category-lectures","tag-desobeissance","tag-euro","tag-france-insoumise","tag-le-monde-diplomatique","tag-thomas-guenole","tag-union-europeenne","post_format-post-format-quote"],"yoast_head":"\nOpting out - Cut The Crap<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.incaudavenenum.org\/cut.the.crap\/opting-out\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Opting out - Cut The Crap\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00ab\u00a0L\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne n\u2019est pas un super-\u00c9tat dont la volont\u00e9, inexorable, s\u2019imposerait aux \u00c9tats membres. 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